Mental Retardation free essay sample

Understudy name: Emanuel D. Mayola Instructor name: Prof. Cyril Belvis Course name: AB-Psychology Date: August 7, 2010 Mental Retardation In This Paper we will see and depicted the numerous social issues that intellectually hindered peoplemust bargain consistently, including scholarly handicaps how they will make due in their regular day to day existences in the event that they are not skilled to live due to their absence of information. So there are such huge numbers of detriments in the event that you endure a Mental Retardation. And furthermore in this paper we can see the various implications and definitions about Mental Retardation, its Disadvantages, the Four degrees of Mental Retardation and how we’re going to manage this sort of confusion and furthermore how to fix it. And keeping in mind that you perusing this paper you will understand that we have to appropriately think about those individuals who are enduring mental hindrance. For their situation we don’t need to disparage them or rather show to them that there are diverse on the grounds that they may be insulted which doesn't regard them, they can comprehend us even they are enduring a low or scholarly handicaps. We will compose a custom article test on Mental Retardation or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In spite of the fact that it is extremely difficult to speak with them particularly if the patient is at his significant Mental Retardation stage, so we need a great deal of tolerance and comprehension to achieve their appropriate consideration that they merit. Mental Retardation or Intellectual Disabilities is portrayed by a noteworthy underneath normal score on a trial of mental capacity or knowledge and as a result of it they have restrictions in everything that they need to do, for example, correspondence, self consideration and coexisting with social circumstances and in their school exercises. Scholarly handicap is additionally called a psychological incapacity or basically implies Mental Retardation. Kids with Mental Retardation or scholarly incapacity can do or figure out how to build up their aptitudes, however they grow gradually not at all like the normal Children with normal Intelligence. They are altogether different from typical kids in light of the fact that the ordinary who running their Intelligence Quotient (I. Q. ) can without much of a stretch comprehend whatever you teach to them or to do to them. Mental Retardation can without much of a stretch comprehend as a condition that impacts the psychological and subjective working of the individual and can’t effectively figure out how to build up their socialization aptitudes. In requested to be viewed as intellectually impeded, their I. Q. should underneath 75, they have confinements in their aptitudes in numerous regions, and the condition is from youth who is age is 18 to more youthful. Individuals can be intellectually hindered in various levels. In the event that your I. Q. is going in 78% you can likewise endure a smidgen of moderate seeing as opposed to the normal individual. Most Children with Mental Retardation or Intellectual incapacities don't perceptible side effects until they are in preschool. Mental Retardation is certainly not a particular issue and furthermore it's anything but an emotional well-being issue. Individuals with Mental Retardation have restrains in their capacity in whatever they do. Mental Retardation is an intense ailment indeed if we’re going to overview here in our nation I think here in the Philippines roughly 3% of our populaces are enduring a Mental Retardation. The Causes of Mental Retardation are some on hereditary, some are available previously and others happen after pregnancy, during birth of after birth. The basic factor is that there is something incorrectly in the development and advancement of the mind. In spite of the fact that it’s extremely difficult to distinguish a particular reason for Mental Retardation uncommonly on the off chance that it is in the phases of Severe and Profound. A few Children with Mental Retardation have irregularities during childbirth or after birth. Postulations variations from the norm might be physical just as neurologic and incorporate surprising facial highlights, for instance a head that is too huge or little a feet and hands and others. At times in different cases kids have a typical appearance yet have different indications of genuine ailment, for example, seizures, laziness, regurgitating, strange pee smell and inability to take care of and develop ordinarily. During their first year, youngsters with serious Mental Retardation or scholarly Disabilities have deferred improvement of their engine aptitudes, and their delayed to move, sit and stand. Most kids with Mental Retardation or scholarly incapacities don't create side effects that can be recognizable until preschool period. Manifestations become obviously at a more youthful age in those all the more seriously influenced. Typically the main issue that can be notice by guardians is a deferral in language improvement. Youngsters with Mental Retardation are more slow to utilize words, set up words and express in complete sentence. Their social improvement is now and again moderate due to their absence of knowledge or intellectual disability. Kids with Mental Retardation possibly delayed to figure out how to dress themselves and to take care of themselves. Kids with Mental Retardation are fairly more probable than to other kids to have social issues, for example, hazardous upheaval, hissy fits, and truly forceful conduct.

Privacy in a Digital Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Protection in a Digital Age - Essay Example Finally, the most upsetting disclosure of lives turning out to be open is that with our lives pulling out all the stops and advanced, they have likewise gone unfilled and shallow. Life in this age has neither the solace nor the glow of a basic way of life which won a couple of years back. In this way, opening the screens of one’s private space and permitting the world to burst in is maybe a purposeful and frantic endeavor to make figments of a cheerful and fulfilled life. The ongoing years have seen an adjustment in the disposition of individuals towards their work and profession decisions. Prior, occupations were primarily considered as a way to win cash and have an agreeable existence. Despite what might be expected, today individuals request quality in their work alongside an attractive bundle, which will help them to coast through the stepping stool of progress. As Sun Microsystems CEO Scott McNealy broadly pronounced some time prior, â€Å"Privacy is dead, manage it.â₠¬  People today are so shy of time that occasionally they don't have a private life! A significant lump of a person’s life is spent in the open eye, and in this way the inquiry for a continuous individual life is only a dubious cloud in a reasonable sky. Business related issues are gobbling up the hours implied for investing quality energy with the friends and family. Then again, the circumstance in earlier years was in finished resistance. Individual and family life was given the primary goal as individuals were not presented to the delights of a cutting edge way of life and along these lines, were not all that yearning. Also, the meaning of protection has changed in the current age. Today, individual data is given out without a moment's notice. As referenced in the JWT White Paper a couple of years back, â€Å"Citizens of present day social orders live in a universe of computerized information, creating a data trail as they email, shop with unwaveringness cards, surf the Web, and make remote calls (WPP)†. This is out and out attack of security, however isn't seen any longer. Looking at changing observations towards protection, the significant villain is the web. One can visit up close and personal with an outsider and post individual pictures on an open gateway for the world to see. In middle of this structure of a ceaseless social gathering, expecting any level of protection is just unrealistic reasoning. As Simson Garfinkel writes in his book Database Nation, â€Å"We realize our protection is enduring an onslaught. The issue is that we don’t realize how to retaliate (MSNBC).† This is actually the quandary which individuals today are looking as occupants of an obviously motorized society. Though prior, photos used to be considered as the most distinctive and cozy records of individual minutes imparted to exceptional individuals, they have been stripped down to minor fine art set up for show. The most overwhelming result of the sickly state of security is the severe passing of mysteries. At the point when individual lives are set up in plain view through long range informal communication destinations and one is continually in contact with various individuals who know as much about them as an uneducated knows a book, keeping things individual seems old. In contrast to this circumstance, in earlier years individuals used to savagely watch their private lives and the most close to home issues were imparted distinctly to a bunch of individuals. Notwithstanding, the enticement of broadcasting one’s lives is appealing to such an extent that every single other aspect of genuine seem dubious. The web has transformed individuals into open mannequins which are in plain view all the

Why Most Startups Dont Get Press Coverage

Why Most Startups Dont Get Press Coverage © Shutterstock.com | matrioshkaIn this article, we will look at 1) importance of press coverage for startups, 2) startup press mistakes, and 3) steps to successful press coverage.IMPORTANCE OF PRESS COVERAGE FOR STARTUPSFor cash-strapped startups, public relations are usually not a top priority. This means that setting aside money to hire a professional takes a backseat. Startups do however need great press and media coverage to get themselves noticed. Initial PR activities can be handled in house and include much more than just press releases. It includes building up the company’s reputation, controlling the messages being sent and building long-term relationships with key influencers like journalists and bloggers. This visibility and the right coverage may not cost money to build, but it will cost time and require effort.Without a proactive effort to get the right information out to the world, other people will be the ones controlling the narrative. There can be no attempt to co ntrol the message if the entrepreneur does not get involved themselves. Good media coverage will mean that more people will learn about the business and discover the company. New target audiences may be reached, and reputation strengthened in the eyes of those who were already familiar with the company.It is important to identify what counts as newsworthy information, however. A journalist will have no interest in publishing just any bit of news or even news that may be interesting but not necessarily newsworthy. A good idea is to start thinking externally and consider what would be significant news for the world outside the company. Let’s identify some of the mistakes startups make when it comes to news and press coverage.STARTUP PRESS MISTAKESStartups end up not getting the right press because they neglect to take the right steps. Some of the common mistakes made by startups include:A Boring Press ReleaseAs mentioned briefly before, not all information is newsworthy or of intere st to journalists. There may be another more effective way of getting information out to the intended audience, and a press release is not the only solution. According to PR Specialist, Brittany Walters-Bearden, make sure that your press release has actual news. She identifies a few common topics that may be too trivial, advertorial or have the wrong focus to be newsworthy. These are:Sales: Sales are best advertised through email, social media, paid advertising space or direct mail.Website Updates: For anyone but the biggest retailers, news related to website is not important enough to be newsworthy. Unless it is a revolutionary idea with far-reaching impact, website updates are day-to-day business activities and not for the media.Trade Show Participation Plans: Rather than announcing participation, a press release should cover the new product a startup aims to unveil.Crowdfunding Campaigns: Almost every startup is trying to raise money. This is not news. Good information for a pres s release would instead be the reasons behind this fundraising campaign and what the firm plans to do with the money.New Employees: The only new employee that would be newsworthy would be a recognizable and prominent business professional who leaves an established firm to come work for a startup. All other such news is not for the media.Sole Focus on Press ReleasesA press release on its own, only serves to give the company a history and builds up its long-term information pack. So when anyone goes back to research the background of the company, the press release will act as a historical record of what happened at a certain point in time.Apart from that, a reporter will almost never read a press release and decide to contact a startup for further information. This only happens for large successful companies that have an impact on the world such as Apple or Facebook. Instead, a reporter is more likely to respond to a press release that has been sent to them personally along with a sto ry idea or pitch.Inability to Accept an NONot every reporter you approach will be interested in doing a story for you or about you. Repeatedly approaching them with the same story will instead act in the opposite direction and annoy them, often resulting in enmity. There are many reporters out there, and a different one may be interested in the story. There may also be a chance that the story you are pitching is not a good one. In this case, you will need to rethink the idea as a whole.It also a good idea to keep a record of which reporter refuses what type of story. This database will help hone future efforts and ensure that the right reporter is pitched the right idea.Incomplete HomeworkStartups often get carried away and claim to be the only one providing a particular service or a product. Journalists usually have been around the block and know that this is most often not true. This kind of claim will make the startup seem naïve and ill-prepared and will not be taken seriously b y any reporter. It is necessary to do your research thoroughly and objectively and to identify what makes your product or service offering unique or different from similar ones.TimingIt is a good idea to plan timelines and milestones for important events and launches, but it is also important to do a scan of what else is happening in the world and make changes to a plan accordingly. One important thing to do here is to make sure that the event in question receives the maximum press coverage that it can. If the event overlaps with something of more significance, then there is every chance that a startup’s news worthiness will complete decrease and a key milestone will go unreported. Some events that should force you to evaluate your timing include announcements by a major entity such as Apple, a natural disaster or another world event that requires round the clock coverage.Treating PR like an EventAnother mistake that startups often make is only to think about the press near import ant events and milestones. This is a bad idea as cultivating relationships with the media should be an ongoing process that takes months and years to create and effort to maintain. It is also a mutually beneficial relationship, where you can support them on stories, be a source when needed and educate yourself on their work and preferences. When your time for a story needing to be printed arrives, it will be easier to work with the right journalists to ensure the right coverage.Delegating PRAn entrepreneur may often delegate all PR activities to those responsible for marketing, especially in more technologically oriented firms. This can be a mistake. There needs to be support in laying out the groundwork such as researching journalists, arranging meetings and pitching stories, but when it comes to interviews and statements, it should always be the senior official who steps up.For smaller and newer firms, journalists want to hear directly from the founder or the CEO. This means learn ing how to handle journalists, how to interact with them, how to be comfortable during interviews and be on board with dedicating the time needed for this activity.Lack of Adequate PR BudgetsA startup cannot be realistically expected to shell out big bucks to hire an expensive and experienced PR agency. But this also does not mean that you get subpar service or none at all. A smaller budget with a larger firm may mean that they have younger and inexperienced people working on your account. Instead of this, the same money could be used to hire a smaller, boutique firm or a consultant. This smaller operation will be more invested in the account and will put their best efforts to ensure that the right attention is given.Getting Press too Early or for the Wrong ReasonsMany startups don’t stop to ask themselves the ever important why when setting out to seek press coverage. Some questions to ask include:Why do you need press?Are you ready for press?What will this press coverage help yo u achieve?Press coverage for the sake of appearing cool or to gain users are not good reasons and will not result in any long-term gains.STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL PRESS COVERAGENow that we have discussed what not to do, we can take a look at some of the steps that can be taken to ensure successful coverage by the media.Press Release vs. Press PitchThere is a key difference between a pitch and a press release and at some point you may need to use both. A good pitch is used to intrigue a reporter and create initial interest while a press release may be used later on to provide information to build up the story. There may be situations where a pitch is enough as this is more vital in a targeted outreach campaign. In order to sell your story or news item or even press release, all startups need to use a strong pitch.Know what is NewsworthyAs mentioned in the common mistakes, it is vital to take a step back and ask yourself what is newsworthy. This requires forcing yourself to think beyond the company and consider the publication you are targeting as well as the eventual audience. If there is something new and unique about your business or your product then it may be worth the effort to find the right angle to pitch a story to the right journalist. Some good ideas are:The launch of the startupThe launch of a new product / service or key featureThe release of interesting data or the results of an exciting studyResponse to a current event, a new trend or new technologyA high-profile or unusual merger, partnership or alliance.Have a Concise MessageBefore any story idea or pitches can be presented to an outside party, there needs to be a unified company message. This means that you need an elevator pitch or a simple way of explaining your startup to anyone in a single sentence. The industry jargon needs to be cut out to ensure that anyone can understand the message. An example of this is the AirBnB description:Airbnb  is a trusted community marketplace for people to list, di scover and book unique spaces around the world online or from an  iPhone.In addition to this elevator pitch, there also needs to be a brief but value-driven message related to the actual event you are trying to pitch. The initial approach should be only a few sentences long but written in an engaging manner. The message here should include answers to questions such as “Why is this newsworthy?” or “Why would the audience care?”Understand a Journalist’s area and coverageOver time, you should have a database of different journalists, what kind of news item they are interested in pursuing and what is their readership. Along with this, you should carefully assess which demographic and target market will be interested in your company, its launch and subsequent updates about the product or service. These pieces of information will allow for more informed and targeted attempts to gain media coverage at the right time. A good idea is to focus on a few key journalists and build rela tionships with them over time. With an understanding of their work and their style, you will be able to pitch ideas to them in their own language and increase your chances of successfully gaining their attention.Customize PitchesNo-one likes to be addressed in an impersonal manner as one of a large crowd. This is an especially bad way to communicate with journalists who you need. When you are truly interested in someone pursuing your story and writing about you, then you also need to make the effort to send them a pitch that is customized to their interests, style, coverage area and audience.Avoid MistakesAnother serious issue to avoid is mistakes in communication being sent out to the journalist. It creates a terrible and lasting impression on the recipient and holds them back from taking you seriously. Often there is a temptation to copy information from one email to the other. But when doing so, there needs to be a careful check on all information to ensure that the small details that need to be changed are done so. These small changes are vital ones such as the name of the publication or the city and leaving them incorrect is a surefire way to lose a journalistic friend.Make Necessary Material AvailableMany companies offer media kits on their websites or make them available on request. These kits are usually filled with relevant information about the company that can help a journalist add background material and data to their story. A media kit may include many things but should include:The name of the company and its brief but relevant history;Relevant and high-quality photos;Images of the product itself.Consider TimingGood timing is key to getting many seemingly difficult tasks done correctly. Timing has several aspects. The story should be pitched with enough time for the reporter to get around to it and do their research, but not so far in advance that it slips of their radar. Many journalists and publications like the option of reporting a news item a s an exclusive so that they can be the one to break the news. Often there may be the need to place an embargo on a news item. This way, the reporter will have enough time to gather their information but will not be able to release the news before a certain time. In addition, it is important to keep an eye on the world and see if any other major events are coinciding with the dates of your press coverage. It may be a good idea to move things around to avoid being overshadowed by bigger news.Offer Unique DataWhenever you approach a journalist, it is a good idea to include relevant numbers and data to support your story. This data gives the pitch credibility and adds a layer of interest for the reporter.Get personal, stay professionalThe last, but very important point to remember is to walk the fine line between friendly and formal when pitching a story. If you work hard to build relationships, then eventually you may develop a casual working relationship. But this takes time and effor t, and there are no short cuts. There is also no need to be extremely formal, but it is a good idea to proceed cautiously until you can figure each reporter’s personal preference out.

Ronald Reagan a True American Hero - 1204 Words

Reagan: A True American Hero We will continue our quest in space. There will be more flights and more space shuttle crews. And, yes, more volunteers. -Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan, viewed by some as a true American hero, was as stupendous as presidents can be. His dramatic speeches and down-to-earth personality made people proud to be American. Ronald Reagan seemed more then American. He was a patriot. Ronald Reagan cared deeply for the American people as well at their values. Our nation now felt, with Reagan s assistance, united. After a nation torn apart by the specter or war, Ronald brought the people together again. However, disaster can unite or divide a country. At a difficult time, when the Challenger†¦show more content†¦One theory is there was a faulty oxygen tank, which in turn ignited. It is thought that a spark caused by static electricity caused the tank to explode. Another theory states that there was a loose ceramic tile on the side of the shuttle. This loose tile fell off, causing massive air resistance, essentially shaking the shuttle to pieces (Brown 34.) In addition, political tension may have contributed to the explo sion. Increased NASA spending lead to a quantity vs. quality situation. Nasa chose quantity. Ronald Reagan wanted to launch the flight ahead of schedule to prove a point to the Soviets. Many safety and inspection procedures were bypassed (Fox V 58-60.) To make the matter more tragic, every person in America saw the challenger explode. As a result of this problem, some effects occurred. Because of the explosion, no more space shuttles were commissioned. Also, the real odds of disaster were realized. Every shuttle has a 1/24 chance of disaster. NASA s public appeal was crushed, and it lost funding (Ronald Reagan 284.) Reagan postponed the next shuttle flight in December to 1986 (Fox V. 138) Overall, at the time that Reagan spoke to the country, the nation was facing a tremendous loss. In his speech, given on Jan 28, 1986, Ronald Reagan illuminated the value of patriotism for his countrymen. Reagan sympathized with the nations loss, keeping in mind that we have just begun space exploration. We willShow MoreRelated ronald reagan: a true american hero Essay example1180 Words   |  5 Pages Reagan: A True American Hero† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"We will continue our quest in space. There will be more flights and more space shuttle crews. And, yes, more volunteers.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-Ronald Reagan nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ronald Reagan, viewed by some as a true American hero, was as stupendous as presidents canRead MoreEssay about Ronald Reagan, a True Hero770 Words   |  4 PagesRonald Reagan was a true hero to many Americans. He was a strong president who cared for this country dearly, and Reagan really proved this by his actions during his presidency. He also proved his love for country by serving in the U.S Army during World War II. Ronald Reagan also came through as a hero by fixing the American Economy that was heading for disaster just like today’s. If you can reflect on what he had accomplished throughout his administration you can clearly see why he was a popularRead MoreThe Presidential Election For The Presidency Of The United States1425 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the presidency of the United States, one might reach the conclusion that Ronald Reagan never left the campaign trail.   In the second GOP debate alone, the â€Å"Great Communicator’s† name was brought up a total of 23 times, which even exceeds the number of times Donald Trump mentioned China.   One of the comments coming from Jeb Bush was â€Å"I’m on the Reagan side of this.†   Additionally, Senator Marco Rubio stated that â€Å"Reagan and his approach worked (CITE).†   The candidates worked hard to evoke memoriesRead MoreRonald Reag A Hero2072 Words   |  9 PagesRonald Reagan was our 46th president of the United States and a true hero to many Americans. His strong belief’s helped him become a strong president, who cared for his country and proved it in many ways. For instance, he helped end the cold war and shape the U.S. government. He also helped many immigrants become citizens of the United States. Reagan also became a hero to many citizens by fixing the American economy that wasn’t doing so well after the Great Depression. Ronald Reagan is consideredRead MoreCelebrity Politicians3230 Words   |  13 Pagesplace in the United States of America allows all Americans to have their say in what occurs in this country. Through the power of the vote, Americans can decide who they want to represent them in every level of the government. Getting elected, however, is not as easy as it sounds. It would reasonable to assume that a candidate would be elected to their position if they are more qualified than their opponents. This however is becoming less and less true. Nowadays, instead of always voting for theRead MoreThe Legacy Of President Reagan1066 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the best presidents in the U.S. was Ronald Reagan. He was characterized by the love he showed to the country, many even considered him a hero. Reagan prove the American population what a true president is and what to expect of a president. Furthermore, he had a great communication with individuals and just by saying one word he could persuade the whole nation. When Reagan became president he was sure on the things that had to be done for the country. He compromise on the cut of taxes, curbRead MoreRonald Reagan, The Great Communicator Of The United States Of America Essay2033 Words   |  9 PagesRonald Wilson Reagan, the great communicator of the United States of America began his legacy of embodying the conservative movement during one of the most famous speeches in American history. Before Ronald Reagan became the fortieth president of the United States, he began his switch from acting and movies to government and politics. Early in Reagan’s career he saw himself as a democrat, with Theodore Roosevelt as his hero. This would change thru his acting and professional career as Ronald ReaganRead MoreRonald Reagan s Rise Of Power5415 Words   |  22 PagesDuring Ronald Reagan’s rise to power, California was a hub of cultural change and ethnic diversity. Nevertheless, California embodied the American ideals of opportunity that proliferated during the era- the opportunity for prosperity and success and upward social mobility through hard work. The economic output of the â€Å"nation’s state† was spectacular, rivaling even some of the largest nations of the time, surpassed only by six other nations. (Governor Reagan) This unmatched economic dominance wasRead MoreA Hero Essay939 Words   |  4 Pages                                                               Hero         A hero is defined as many things. While many people consider heroes to be larger than life figured, Christopher Reeves says that, A hero is an ordinary person, who preserves, and endures despite overwhelming challenges. This quote analyzes an unconventional definition of a hero from Christopher Reeves point of view. What truly makes a hero is the courage to say that, it is not one, which is the hero it is someone else. Someone else that foughtRead MoreThe Cold War Of The Soviet Union2085 Words   |  9 Pagesthings Reagan was known for his is stance on communist and his commitment to end the Cold War. Reagan was not afraid of the Soviet Union like his Carter or Ford who served as President before him. He told the Secretary of Defense to order whatever is needed and not to worry about the budget. He wanted to be in a position of strength, that way he believed he would be able to negotiate with them; he had a saying of â€Å"To build up to build down† http://mille rcenter.org/president/biography/reagan-domestic-affairs

Socially Acceptable Sexually Explicit Material - 2283 Words

Alexandria Merriman Judy Hatcher WRIT 3307 22 October 2014 Socially Acceptable: Sexually Explicit Material in America In today’s culture, sex is worshipped. From the television shows we watch to the billboards we pass on the freeway, sexually explicit material permeates itself into our world whether it is conscious or not. Research shows that this type of material has the greatest effect on women, children, and marriages. Women and children are the most obvious choice among those assuming the affect this material has on our society, but what many forget is the affect it has on marriage. The women shown in commercials, ads, and movies are far from an ordinary woman. They are perfect. What men, and women, see is an unrealistic expectation of what women today should look like. Another harmful product of today’s sexually acceptable material is pornography. Men and women alike find completely unrealistic sexual scenarios in which they let deeply affect their sexuality. When conducting research, school psychologist and Master of Educ ation Julienne Colbow concludes that this type of material may or may not bother women or â€Å"change their attitudes†. She even goes to state that the data is â€Å"inconclusive† as to whether or not women really care about the affect this material has on them. Regardless of the way women feel about this type of material in general, I plan to argue the point that this material is detrimental to women, children, and marriages. Sexually explicit material andShow MoreRelatedPornography Research Paper1128 Words   |  5 Pagesauthors state that pornography is defined as printed or visual material containing the explicit description or display of sexual organs or activity, intended to simulate erotic rather than aesthetic or emotional feelings. This can be shown through videos, photograph, drawings and writings. This is a very large mass media industry that exists world to exploit women, men, children, and animals. 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In relation to fashion, gender identity can come out of the norm, the stereotype of what a woman or a male should wear and what is socially accep table, although this has changed over time .For example it is now more socially acceptable for a female to wear trousers where as in the earlier days it was seen as unfeminine. Going back to gender there is an identity that is referred to as gender fluid. Gender fluidity is an identity thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Internet On The Internet2010 Words   |  9 Pagesharmful forms of speech such as pornography, hate speech. The internet has actually created special problems for censoring and posting materials online. In this paper I will discuss the most feasible way of regulating online content, when to draw the line between what is simply offensive or what is harmful and hateful, who should be responsible for censoring these materials, and the modes of regulation. The internet has created problems that we’ve never had to face before. The internet has made accessRead MoreEssay on Use of Sex in Advertising1512 Words   |  7 PagesAnd although these women are performing some kind of energy using activity, it is there sex drive that attracts men to these products and what makes them so popular. Like Taflinger says, men consider her beautiful because, to a man, beautiful and sexually attractive are virtually synonymous. Therefore, it is easy for advertisers to get a man?s attention by using women?s bodies and associate getting the woman with buying the product. The advertiser is playing on his instinctive rather than intellectualRead MoreEffects of Media on Women and Children2408 Words   |  10 Pagesportrayals of female sexuality, sexual health, and shows unnecessary female sexuality and nudity on an immense level. The average woman is misrepresented in the media; this is unhealthy for many women and girls. Studies show viewing sex ually objectifying material contributes to eating disorders, low self-esteem, depression and body dissatisfaction. In a 1992 study of female students at Stanford University, 70% of women reported feeling worse about themselves and their bodies after looking at magazinesRead MorePornography is it right? Essay2384 Words   |  10 Pagesthat play important roles for example culture. My goal for this paper was to provide you with an in-depth look at what pornography is, how the Utilitarian, Divine Command Theory, and Kantian theories affect how our society portrays pornographic material. Furthermore how we, as individuals believe whether this topic is ethically right or wrong. After analyzing this report, and the background information provided, I came to a personal conclusion that society is too general on this topic. It ultimatelyRead MoreHow Has Sexualization Affected Family? Essay3105 Words   |  13 Pagesdemoralizes women using names such as hoes or bitches. This type of media is designed for a specific target audience that is considered in trend with today’s society. That target audience is of younger generation people, where they are able to make explicit puns about porn or sexuality for a younger humor (K. M. Scott, 2008). Sexual puns such as these are used because in the media because it brings in both males and females. Sex sells, women want to be them and men want to be with them. The sexualizationRead MoreEffects Of The Objectification Of Women3623 Words   |  15 Pagesconvey culture both verbally and visually, essentially serving as a type of educational and priming tool. Artists, however, tend to (almost popularly) integrate controversial lyrics into their songs that many argue send young, impressionable viewers socially unacceptable messages ranging from desensitization to violence against women to Satanism (McIntosh Pavlik, 2004, p. 94). Research shows that between 40 and 75 percent of music videos contain sexual references. Although these references are generallyRead MoreTechnology And Social Media And Technology Essay2403 Words   |  10 Pages4 billion users and this number was projected to climb around 2.13 billion users in 2016 (â€Å"Number of social network users worldwide from 2010 to 2018†). The use of technology have been increasing because the world is in the era where science and socially is a dvancing. People, especially teenagers, are craving for newer and better technology like smartphones, laptops, but is craving for technology good for the future of society? Technology and social media have improved the world by allowing people

Evaluation of Myers-Briggs Free Essays

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is used extensively by educators, counselors, and other professionals. Based on Jung’s theory of psychological types, the psychodynamic model of the MBTI is useful for self-understanding and life-long development. MBTI type descriptions characterize 16 types at their best; provide positive, self-affirming goals; and note blind spots and problems to avoid. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of Myers-Briggs or any similar topic only for you Order Now The MBTI problem-solving model is a useful tool in the counseling process.Finally, counselors who understand the MBTI find it useful for individualizing counseling approaches and strategies to the type preferences of their clients. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)) GENERAL INFORMATION The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) ® developed out of the interests of Katherine Cook Briggs (1875–1968) and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers (1897–1979) in human personality difference.They both read Jung’s Psychological Types shortly after its initial publication in English in 1923 and were prompted, at the outset of the World War II, to try to operationalize the typology that he set out. Their goal was to help people develop a better understanding of themselves and use this knowledge to steer themselves towards more suitable vocations and for understanding their interpersonal interactions. Briggs and Myers thought that the construction of an objective psychometric indicator might, among other things, prove useful in addressing certain pressing military personnel decisions faced at that time in the United States.They also believed that a knowledge of personality preferences would help women who were entering the industrial workforce for the first time identify the sort of war-time jobs where they would be most comfortable and effective (Briggs and Myers. 1980, 1995). The initial questionnaire grew into the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, which was first published by Educational Testing Service (ETS) in 1962. The MBTI focuses on normal populations and emphasizes the value of naturally occurring differences.Early forms of the MBTI testing procedure were thus developed in the period 1942 – 44, but it wasn’t until after the war that more systematic research involving medical students, nursing students and other sample occupations was conducted using the MBTI ®. Although isolated researchers and clinicians showed some interest in the MBTI as it continued to evolve during the 1960s, it was not until Consulting Psychologists Press included the Indicator in its publication list in 1975 that the approach became widely available and major commercial success ensued.As a result, it is now the most widely used personality inventory in the world. The MBTI Complete (R) can be purchased from its publisher, CPP (formerly Consulting Psychologists Pre ss). Prices vary according to quantity ordered, e. g. 1 – 10 cost $53. 95 each. Scoring Templates cost between $88. 50 and $93. 50. Several websites offer online versions of the test. Among the underlying assumptions of the MBTI is that everyone has preferences. If given the choice between two things, you will always be able to pick one that you prefer.The assumption behind the MBTI is that these preferences do not change; they may have developed differently and masked due to environmental forces, but essentially, they will remain the same. TEST DESCRIPTION The Myers-Briggs typology model regards personality type as similar to left or right handedness: individuals are either born with, or develop, certain preferred ways of thinking and acting. The MBTI asks the candidate to answer a series of ‘forced-choice’ questions, where one choice identifies you as belonging to one of four paired traits.The basic test takes twenty minutes, and at the end the examinee receives a precise, multi-dimensional summary of his or her personality. The MBTI test classifies people into types based on 4 bi-polar dimensions; Extraversion-Introversion (E-I) Distinguishes a pr eference for focusing attention on, and drawing energy from, the outer world of people and things versus the inner world of ideas and impressions. Sensing-INtuition (S-N) Distinguishes a preference for gathering data directly through the senses as facts, details, and precedents (Sensing) versus indirectly as relationships, patterns, and possibilities (INtuition).Thinking-Feeling (T-F) Distinguishes a preference for deciding via objective, impersonal logic (Thinking) versus subjective, person-centered values (Feeling). Judging-Perceiving (J-P) Distinguishes an outward preference for having things planned and organized (Judging) versus a flexible style based more on staying open to options than deciding (Perceiving). As a result, there are 16 possible psychological types, often referred to by an abbreviation of four letters, the initial letters of each of their four type preferences (except in the case of iNtuition, which uses N to distinguish it from Introversion).For instance: ESTJ is an abbreviation used in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator publications to refer to one of the sixteen personality types and refers to Extraversion , Sensing, Thinking, Judging. None of these types is better or worse; however, Briggs and Myers theorized that individuals naturally prefer one overall combination of type differences. In the same way that writing with the left hand is hard work for a right-hander, so people tend to find using their opposite psychological preferences more difficult, even if they can become more proficient (and therefore behaviorally flexible) with practice and development. The purpose of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ® (MBTI) personality inventory is to make the theory of psychological types described by C. G. Jung understandable and useful in people’s lives. The essence of the theory is that much seemingly random variation in the behavior is actually quite orderly and consistent, being due to basic differences in the ways individuals prefer to use their perception and judgment. In developing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, their aim was to make the insights of type theory accessible to individuals and groups.The indicator is frequently used in the areas of school counseling, career counseling, team building, professional development, marketing Marketing Marketing is an integrated communications-based process through which individuals and communities are informed or persuaded that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the products and services of others.. .. , leadership training Leadership Leadership has been described as the â€Å"process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ executive coaching, life coaching, personal development, marriage counseling, and workers’ compensation claims Workers’ compensation Workers compensation is a form of insurance that provides compensation medical care for employees who are injured in the course of employment, in exchange for mandatory relinquishment of the employee’s right to sue his or her employer for the tort of negligence.. . . The current North American English version of the MBTI Step I includes 93 forced-choice questions (there are 88 in the European English version).Forced-choice means that the individual has to choose only one of two possible answers to each question. The choices are a mixture of word pairs and short statements. Choices are not literal opposites but chosen to reflect opposite preferences on the same dichotomy. Participants may skip questions if they feel they are unable to choose. There are four administration options for the instrument: Template Scoring is a paper and pencil version of the MBTI Form M assessment that participants complete and the certified practitioner hand scores before an MBTI session, using printed scoring templates.Online SkillsOne is CPP’s online instrument administration website located at www. skillsone. com. Certified practitioners can establish an account and then are able to administer the MBTI to both individuals and groups. SelfScorable is a paper and pencil version of the MBTI Form M assessment that participants complete and then score themselves during a workshop/coaching session. And lastly, MBTI Complete, the online â€Å"self-serve† version of the test that anyone can use to take the MBTI ®, walk through an onscreen debriefing process, and then get individual results. Because the debriefing process is built into the system, anyone can take the MBTI Complete. TECHNICAL EVALUATION The MBTI instrument meets and exceeds the standards for psychological instruments in terms of its reliability. Facts about the MBTI instrument reliability: †¢ Reliability (when scores are treated as continuous scores, as in most other psychological instruments) is as good as or better than other personality instruments. †¢ On retest, people come out with three to four type preferences the same 75% to 90% of the time. When a person changes type on retest, it is usually on one of the dichotomous pairs (e. g. , E-I or S-N), and in a dichotomy where the preference clarity was low. †¢ The reliabilities are quite good across most age and ethnic groups. (The T-F pair tends to have the lowest reliability of the four scales. ) †¢ For some groups reliability can be low, and caution needs to be exercised in using the MBTI instrument with these groups, e. g. , children, underachieving students.When the MBTI instrument is used with groups that are reported to have been demonstrably lower, the results can be used as a jumping-off point for discussion. Many studies over the years have proven the validity of the MBTI instrument in three categories: (1) the validity of the four separate preference scales; (2) the validity of the four preference pairs as dichotomies; and (3) the validity of whole types or particular combinations of preferences. Many of these studies are discussed in the MBTI ® Manual. PRACTICAL EVALUATIONSome of the many positive aspects of the MBTI are: †¢ It is easy to use, score, and explain. †¢ It is short and quick to complete. †¢ Clients enjoy it and find the results helpful. †¢ It works (there is extensive evidence of its validity). †¢ It provides a powerful conceptual framework, allowing practitioners to deepen their knowledge and apply it to many different situations. †¢ It promotes a constructive approach to the differences between individuals. †¢ It is widely used, so there is plenty of comparative data available. There is a large body of associated resource material – books, booklets, manuals, videos and workshop materials – available. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ® (MBTI) is the most widely used organizational development tool in the world. Its ease of use, high statistical validity and reliability make it one of the most respected personality instruments in existence. SUMMARY EVALUATION AND CRITIQUE The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ® instrument has numerous benefits, including its long history of use and its record of validity and reliability.It’s main benefit is its breadth of application. You can use it in almost any situation and it’s buttressed by a comprehensive and robust theory of personality. Work on the development of the MBTI continues to this day, with scales within the test being constantly reevaluated and refined. The best reason to choose the MBTI instrument is that hundreds of studies over the past 40 years have proven the instrument to be both valid and reliable.In other words, it measures what it says it does (validity) and produces the same results when given more than once (reliability).References: Myers, Isabel Briggs with Peter B. Myers (1980, 1995). Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type. Mountain View, CA: Davies-Black Publishing Myers, Katharine D. (1987), â€Å"Katharine C. Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers: The Women Behind the MBTI ®Ã¢â‚¬  JPT Vol. 13. Lawrence, Gordon (1986), â€Å"Issues in the Development of the MBTI ®Ã¢â‚¬  in JPT Vol. 12 MBTI ® Manual (Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc. , 1998). How to cite Evaluation of Myers-Briggs, Papers

To what extent does demographic change in the UK represent more of an opportunity than a threat to UK businesses free essay sample

The UK economy is constantly changing for various reasons such as improvement in medicine and increased globalisation leading to people living longer and the UK economy becoming more diverse culturally. Whether or not it provides an opportunity or a threat to a business will largely depend upon how the management of the business decides to attempt to change because of the change of the demographics. The largest change to the UK demographics would be the overall increase in the average age of the country, because of the innovation in medicine keeping people alive for longer and people not getting sick for long. This could provide many opportunities for a firm in the UK, either in sales or the management of the firm. A firm could change the demographics of its target audience to an older generation, in order to potentially increase sales. For example there has been a large increase in mobile phones designed specifically for an older market, with many utilities that would be useful to the older generation, such as larger buttons and a â€Å"help me† text button. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent does demographic change in the UK represent more of an opportunity than a threat to UK businesses? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other hand this does provide some threat to firms in the technological industry; with firms having to work harder to gain the attention of the main target market of teenagers and young adults. However, while the over average demographic of the UK is growing older this is also countered by the fact that the whole economy is growing in general. The overall population has increased from 55million to almost 70 million over the last 50 years, and the growth is exponentially growing because of the increase presence of globalisation and the free movement of labour across all EU countries. This means that while the average age of the population has increased substantially, the overall market has increased by near the same rate. This means that while the market that are unpopular with the older generation, such as the technology industry, will have stayed about the same size; or maybe even grown a bit. This means that the there is little threat to firms operating in these markets because of the change in the average age of the economy, and could potentially be in a better position because of it. The only thing that will affect them is that they potentially have a new market to enter and potentially earn money from. The change in the average age could potentially cause a problem though for employers because of increased pension pays. With people living longer resulting in people being retired for a substantially longer time, it results in people living for longer and claiming pension for much longer. This could cause problems for firms because of increased costs leading to firms struggling to break even. This also causes great stress on the NHS and other public funded medical establishments resulting in the government having to spend more and more money on these services, resulting in less money or higher taxes for UK firms. However, the older age could also provide a benefit to UK firms, with an increased amount of potential employees. For example BnQ currently employ a large amount of older people to work in their stores, rather than teenagers and you adults. This is because they found out that, in their case at least, that customers preferred an older store assistant rather than a younger one, finding that they were friendlier, more helpful and overall increased the level of customer service. However, not all industries can utilise the older generation as employees, such as the technology industry who need to have the younger generation as employees because of their involvement with technology. Another change in the UK demographics would be the increased amount of people in the UK from eastern European countries. With the UK being part of the European Union there is free movement of labour and capital throughout Europe; and because England has substantially better living conditions than some of the countries in Eastern Europe many migrants have come to England in search of jobs. This could provide large benefits to firms in the UK because these workers do not demand the same amount of money as the equivalent UK worker (because they have been brought up with less money and value it more so than UK residents) while also having a better work ethics, on average, than UK residents. The migrants are also more likely to take the jobs that UK workers view as â€Å"beneath them†, such as strawberry picking. This leads to huge reductions in costs to the firms working in these industries who can benefit from this cheap labour, having large reductions to the cost of production. Also the increase in the supply of employees means that potentially the average wage rate could reduce, with a larger amount of people vying for the same job the firms can get away with paying less. This coupled with the fact that the UK is currently in a recession, with large unemployment throughout the world, means that the firms have huge amounts of people to choose from when employing people. The increased amount of migrants in the UK economy also provides a new market for firms, with the migrants wanting national delicacies to eat. This has resulted in large amounts of eastern European food shops opening throughout the UK, and even large supermarkets like Tesco and Sainsbury’s increasing the prominence of their â€Å"world food† section of the business with particular emphasis on Eastern European food. However, while the increased level of migrants is in general a huge opportunity for UK firms, it does also come with large levels of capital flight from the UK. A large amount of migrants are single people hoping to support and provide a better level of living for their family back home. This means that a large amount of their wages are sent back to their home countries, leading to the demand increase caused by the migrants being relatively low, and by extension the multiplier effect caused by the spending of the wages in the UK being lost as well. Another change in the UK economy is the increased level of unemployment. This could prove beneficial to firms in the UK because they can get away with paying lower wages to the jobs, and when looking to employ new people they can offer lower wages and be more specific about the needs of the job. They can look around more and look for the best person for the job with ease, with huge interest in most jobs that are available. However, this large level of unemployment has also lead to a large decrease demand throughout the UK, because people are less likely to spend the money that they earn and save, or they do not have the money to spend at all. This has caused overall demand to fall, with people saving whatever money that they earn just in case. This has coupled with the overall lack of confidence in the economy has caused demand to further fall, leading to the economy becoming overall stagnant; even shrinking recently causing the UK economy to go into another recession. In conclusion the changes in demographic overall provide a huge opportunity to firms in the UK, with new markets growing very quickly and the overall UK economy growing substantially in a short amount of time. However, these opportunities are overshadowed by the current economic climate in the UK causing large scale fear about the economy; meaning that these opportunities aren’t available.

A Brief History of the African Country of Kenya

A Brief History of the African Country of Kenya Fossils found in East Africa suggest that protohumans roamed the area more than 20 million years ago. Recent finds near Kenyas Lake Turkana indicate that hominids lived in  the area  2.6 million years ago. Cushitic-speaking people from northern Africa moved into the area that is now Kenya beginning around 2000 BC. Arab traders began frequenting the Kenya coast around the first century AD. Kenyas proximity to the Arabian Peninsula invited colonization, and Arab and Persian settlements sprouted along the coast by the eighth century. During the first millennium AD, Nilotic and Bantu peoples moved into the region, and the latter now comprises three-quarters of Kenyas population. The Europeans Arrive The Swahili language, a mixture of Bantu and Arabic, developed as a lingua franca for trade between the different peoples. Arab dominance on the coast was eclipsed by the arrival in 1498 of the Portuguese, who gave way in turn to Islamic control under the Imam of Oman in the 1600s. The United Kingdom established its influence in the 19th century. The colonial history of Kenya dates from the Berlin Conference of 1885 when the European powers first partitioned East Africa into spheres of influence. In 1895, the U.K. Government established the East African Protectorate and, soon after, opened the fertile highlands to white settlers. The settlers were allowed a voice in government even before it was officially made a U.K. colony in 1920, but Africans were prohibited from direct political participation until 1944. The Mau Mau  Resist Colonialism From October 1952 to December 1959, Kenya was under a state of emergency arising from the Mau Mau rebellion against British colonial rule. During this period, African participation in the political process increased rapidly. Kenya Achieves Independence The first direct elections for Africans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. Kenya became independent on December 12, 1963, and the next year joined the Commonwealth. Jomo Kenyatta, a member of the large Kikuyu ethnic group and head of the Kenya African National Union (KANU), became Kenyas first President. The minority party, Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU), representing a coalition of small ethnic groups, dissolved itself voluntarily in 1964 and joined KANU. The Road to Kenyattas One-Party State A small but significant leftist opposition party, the Kenya Peoples Union (KPU), was formed in 1966, led by Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, a former Vice President, and Luo elder. The KPU was banned shortly after and its leader detained. No new opposition parties were formed after 1969, and KANU became the sole political party. At Kenyattas death in August 1978, Vice President Daniel Arap Moi became President. A New Democracy in Kenya In June 1982, the National Assembly amended the constitution, making Kenya officially a one-party state, and parliamentary elections were held in September 1983. The 1988 elections reinforced the one-party system. However, in December 1991, Parliament repealed the one-party section of the constitution. By early 1992, several new parties had formed, and multiparty elections were held in December 1992. Because of divisions in the opposition, however, Moi was reelected for another 5-year term, and his KANU party retained a majority of the legislature. Parliamentary reforms in November 1997 expanded political rights, and the number of political parties grew rapidly. Again because of a divided opposition, Moi won re-election as President in the December 1997 elections. KANU won 113 out of 222 parliamentary seats, but, because of defections, had to depend on the support of minor parties to forge a working majority.In October 2002, a coalition of opposition parties joined forces with a fact ion which broke away from KANU to form the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC). In December 2002, the NARC candidate, Mwai Kibaki, was elected the country’s third President. President Kibaki received 62% of the vote, and NARC also won 59% of the parliamentary seats. Source US Department of State Background Notes.

Anne of Hanover, Princess of Orange

Anne of Hanover, Princess of Orange Known for:  Second to bear the British title Princess Royal Dates:  November 2, 1709 -  January 12, 1759Titles Include:  Princess Royal; Princess of Orange; Princess-Regent of FrieslandAlso known as:  Princess Anne of Hanover, Duchess of Brunswick and Là ¼neburg Background, Family: Father: George IIMother: Caroline of AnsbachSiblings: Frederick, Prince of Wales; Princess Amelia Sophia; Princess caroline Elizabeth; William of Cumberland; Mary of Hesse-Cassel; Louise, Queen of Denmark Marriage, Children: husband: William IV of Orange-Nassau (married March 25, 1734)childrenCarolina of Orange-Nassau (married Karl Christian of Nassau-Weilburg, 1760)Princess Anna of Orange-Nassau (died weeks after birth)William V, Prince of Orange (married Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia, 1767) Princess Royal Anne of Hanover became part of the British royal succession when her grandfather succeeded to the British throne as George I in 1714. When her father succeeded to the throne as George II in 1727, he gave the title Princess Royal to his daughter. Anne was heir apparent to her father from her birth until 1717, when her brother George was born, and then again from his death in 1718 until the birth of her brother William in 1721. The first woman to hold title of Princess Royal was Mary, eldest daughter of Charles I. The eldest daughter of George I, Queen Sophia Dorothea of Prussia, was eligible for the title but was not given it. Queen Sophia was still alive when the title was given to Anne of Hanover. About Anne of Hanover Anne was born in Hanover; her father was at the time electoral prince of Hanover.   He later became George II of Great Britain.   She was brought to England when she was four. She was educated to know English, German and French, to understand history and geography, and in more typical female subjects, such as dance.   Her grandfather supervised her education from 1717, and she added painting, Italian and Latin to her subjects. The composer Handel taught music to Anne. A Protestant successor to the royal family was considered essential, and with her eldest surviving brother being much younger, there was an urgency to find a husband for Anne.   Her cousin Frederick of Prussia (later Frederick the Great) was considered, but her younger sister Amelia married him. In 1734, Princess Anne married the Prince of Orange, William IV, and used the title Princess of Orange instead of Princess Royal.   The marriage won wide political acceptance in both great Britain and the Netherlands.   Anne apparently expected to remain in Britain, but after a month of marriage, William and Anne left for the Netherlands.   She was always treated with some suspicion by the Dutch citizenry. When Anne first became pregnant, she wanted to have the child in London, considering the possible position of the child in the royal succession.   But William and his advisors wanted the child born the Netherlands, and her parents supported his wishes.   The pregnancy turned out to be false.   She had two miscarriages and two stillbirths before she  was pregnant again with her daughter Carolina born in 1743, her brother had finally married and her mother had died, so there was little question but that the child would be born at The Hague. Another daughter, Anna, born in 1746, died a few weeks after birth.   Annes son William was born in 1748. When William died in 1751, Anne became regent for their son, William V, since both children were underage. The power of the ruler had declined under her husband and continued to decline under Annes regency. When a French invasion of Britain was expected, she stood for neutrality of the Dutch, which alienated her British support.   She continued as regent until her death in 1759 of dropsy.  Her mother-in-law became Princess Regent from 1759 until she died in 1765.   Annes daughter Carolina then became regent until 1766 when her brother turned 18. Annes daughter Carolina (1743 - 1787) married Karl Christian of Nassau-Weilberg.   They had fifteen children; eight died in childhood. Anne of Hanovers son William married Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia in 1767. They had five children, two of whom died in childhood. Bibliography: Veronica P.M. Baker-Smith  A Life of Anne of Hanover, Princess Royal. 1995. More womens history biographies, by name: More womens history biographies, by name:

In Shawshank Redemption movie, King explores the idea of Karma that Essay

In Shawshank Redemption movie, King explores the idea of Karma that is, the idea that what goes around comes around, or as the - Essay Example The guards would beat them up and damage their cells and later ask them to do the entire repair (The Shawshank Redemption). Apart from being beaten, these prisoners had to do everything. When prisoners are beaten senselessly, it proves to other inmates that they do not have to respect one another. Beating up the prisoners also hurts them both physically and mentally. The warden went as far as supporting behavior that was not called for in the prison. However, the guards and the warden failed to recognize that one may not play with Karma. As it is known that â€Å"we reap what we sow,† this is what the warden and the guards had sowed and it was clearly coming back to them. As opposed to the fellow inmates, Andy possessed a sense of self-worth. Some of the other inmates tried to rape him and beat him up, but he managed to withstand all those harsh treatments even though he suffered lacerations and bruises (The Shawshank Redemption). He managed to quietly befriend Red and his tea m of friends. Once they became friends, they formed a dreadful group that always stuck together. There is a lot of prison violence and conflict throughout the movie (The Shawshank Redemption). The worst conflict was when the warden ordered the murder of Tommy who had information that would prove that Andy was innocent. Andy had not been doing the taxes of the warden. When Andy was informed of what the warden did, he got emotional. Andy decided to plan his escape that would set him free and give him a chance to expose the evil warden and the guards. In the Shawshank prison, the warden permitted the guards to torture and even to murder their prisoners. As a warden, he has the responsibility of bringing justice, but when he discovered that he had the opportunity to free Andy from wrongful accusation, he destroyed the evidence that would set Andy free. Apparently, the evidence that he destroyed was the murder of a man by the name of Tommy. When Andy discovered that he had nothing left t o prove his innocence, he became devastated. Karma became quite significant when Andy managed to escape from the prison. Andy wrote a letter to the local newspapers that described how immorally the convicts were treated and even beaten to death in the prison (The Shawshank Redemption). The journalists and the police turned up within some minutes once the information had been read and revealed. This shocked the warden and he got scared and later committed suicide. In the beginning of the movie, the warden displayed the characters of Christian men. He ensured that the Shawshank prisoners had the Bibles, and he familiarized the prisoners with his favorite Bible verse, â€Å"Salvation Lies Within.† The warden and Andy both had conversations regarding this Bible verse; however, Andy disrupted the conversation in an encouraging manner. When the warden discovered that Andy had been concealing in the Bible the tool which assisted him to flee, his jaw dropped. No one knows how people may react to what they are told and how the precise opposite may set them free. The film depicts that everyone gets what he deserves. The warden and the guards received their punishment just like they mistreated the inmates (The Shawshank Redemption). People may dance through life doing evil things to others and even mistreating others, and they may think that they may have a smooth life. Andy was an innocent man who was convicted for a crime that he did not commit. This subjected him to a life that he did not deserve.

Agricultural marketing system Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Agricultural marketing system - Term Paper Example re of related to proper financial counseling and training in agricultural economics, management requires time dedication and ability for an employee to keenly understand the issue of marketing majoring in agricultural field of practice (Martin, 1991, p. 53). In order to gain from agricultural input supplies, the organization should not only sell the products but also train the users on how best to hold and use the specified products supplied. However, being a business oriented organization, it is better to stock supplies that contain the products that are required (Prasad, 2005, p. 15). Until this time, I had never realized any complication being that It is not connected to the internet to reduce products costs globally. In the food industry, the key challenge that most people face is lack of adequate food preservation equipment. However, food stuffs are getting more expensive hence high living standards within the same city (Meulenberg, 1995, p. 46). In order to come up with genuine work you have to be able to communicate your ideas, through the numerous struggles. Organizations like world food program should be encouraged as they create conducive atmosphere for most of the products. Through proper record keeping the system intermediaries are likely to assist in establishment (Martin, 1991, p. 39). The module covered the retailers in food and agribusiness, through an amicable way all the workers are supposed to be engaged in service industry (Prasad, 2005, p. 34). Through some commitment it would be unable to travel home with a perception that it is wise not to attend to the daily chores as the customers who are unable to access goods and services from the local pubic would benefit from the any function (Meulenberg, 1995, p.48). Being a busy day full of cookery and the kind and nature of products that are likely to be sold to traders who are likely to retain links, it is not possible to have everybody resting on such an occasion that requires services from

The Issue Of Cultural Relativism Human Rights Essay

The Issue Of Cultural Relativism Human Rights Essay When it comes to human rights, the issue of cultural relativism is widely discussed. Majority of the human rights literature encompasses the western and non-western argument on what best illustrates what human rights should be. As a result of these debates, comes the discussion of cultural relativism. Cultural relativism, at first glance, seems like quite a reasonable argument towards safeguarding different cultural groups. However when we begin to analyse the cultural relativism theory, we come to find that it is not quite as reasonable or even as practical as it seems to be. Cultural relativism seems to not only ignore human rights violations, but actually seems to approve them. Furthermore, it hardly disapproves any cultural or religious practices. Cultural relativism ignores the necessity to oppose violations and other human rights, and also ignores the freedom of choice to do so. This paper seeks to prove that there is no conceivable claim in supporting cultural relativism, and will discuss and analyse the issue of conflict between human rights and cultural relativism. This will provide some insight on how some scholars, anthropologist, philosophers, and political scientists have debated over this issue and how some of them have questioned the validity of cultural relativism in relation to human rights. I will discuss both cultural relativism and universal human rights and analyse the conflicts that have risen between them and their ensuing practices, as well as give examples to show the absurdity of the cultural relativist claim. I will conclude by p roviding evidence that shows that cultural relativists are indeed human rights violators, as well as show that their notion on cultural relativism proves to be highly contradictory and unreliable, now and in the future. The Human Rights Debate: Cultural Relativism versus Universalism 2.1 What is Cultural Relativism? The idea of Cultural relativism was developed by Franz Boas (1858-1942) in 1911. Robert Redfield described cultural relativism as values expressed in any culture are to be both understood and valued only according to the way people who carry that culture see things. Melville Herskovits gives an even more elaborate definition of cultural relativism as a philosophy which, in recognizing the values set up by every society to guide its own life, lays stress on the dignity inherent in every body of custom, and on the need of tolerance of conventions though they may differ from ones own. He continues by going on to say that each culture is said to constitute a total social world that reproduces itself through enculturation, the process by which values, emotional dispositions, and embodied behaviours are transmitted from one generation to the next. From the descriptions above, we can therefore say that cultural relativism is the principle by which a human beings beliefs should be perceived in accordance with his or her own culture. This concept of cultural relativism came about during discussions about the origin of human rights. There are quite a few ideas and claims that have led to the concept of cultural relativism, one of them being Kants argument that human beings are incapable of gaining unmediated knowledge of the world, and that the human mind interferes with all our experiences of the world, thus structuring our perceptions universally. However Herder disagreed with Kants argument saying that human experiences were mediated by cultural structures as well. As a result of this debate between Kant and Herder, came the belief of ethnocentrism. The Universal Human Rights Doctrine The Universal Declaration of Human Rights set the pattern for the contemporary conception of human rights.It was established as a result of the World War II atrocities as a means of protecting citizens and residents of various states. The conflict between the universal human rights doctrine and cultural relativism came about during the establishment of the Universal human rights doctrine in 1948. The conflict arose due to the theory that there was some kind of dominance over some cultures, and that the universal human rights doctrine come from European or Western philosophy. This doctrine was the Universalist approach to human rights that placed value on individuals. On the contrary, some theorists believe that the enactment of these human rights is not the only way that human rights exist. There is the theory that people are born with natural, God-given rights and that God is the absolute law-maker who bestowed upon us some basic human rights. For this reason itself, cultural relativism critics therefore argue that there should be no exception to the universal claim to human rights as some of these rights are already natural and God-given. 2.3 Cultural Relativism versus Universalism Now that we have defined cultural relativism and the universal declaration of human rights, one question comes to mind based on the two theories. Can universal human rights exist in a multicultural world? In other words, can the concept of cultural relativism really coexist with the notion of universal human rights? Naturally, cultural relativists argue that there are indeed moral justifications underlying the claim that various practices and beliefs differ from society to society and should be accepted as being relative to other cultural beliefs. For example, women in some cultures that undergo female genital mutilation are regarded as clean and pure. One culture may believe that there is indeed some moral justification towards this practice, as women who dont go through the cut are considered unclean and are seen as outcasts in their societies. On the other hand, a different cultural group may practice eating of dead bodies as a ritual. Cultural relativists would therefore claim that one cannot justly say which culture is right or wrong as this proves to be relative within different cultures. It is therefore possible to say that, from the cultural relativist point of view, there is no particular truth in what is right or wrong but rather the truth depends on what a particular culture believes is right or wrong. This observation in turn then brings me to my next point. If the views of the truth on what is right or wrong is relative, then the issue of morality definitely plays a huge role in this debate. Our moral beliefs indicate the kind of environment or culture we grew up in. Therefore, if we were born in Somalia, we would believe that it is morally right to go through female circumcision as a rite of passage. However, if we grew up in the western world, then we would not believe in female circumcision. We can therefore see the relativists argument of cultural relativism in this case, because if cultural relativism exists, then naturally, morality will also be relative. Additionally, to support his stance, the relativist will also argue that tolerance comes into play when it comes to cultural relativism. Contemporary society is often referred to as a multicultural world, with people from various cultures increasingly becoming accustomed to interacting with people from other cultures. As a result of this, the ability to learn to respect and tolerate different cultural practices and beliefs has developed. In todays society, people have shown an increased reluctance to criticise other cultures for various reasons. One of these reasons could be the fear of history repeating itself. An example of this is the European invasion of different parts of the world, including Africa, Asia and America, in the name of spreading Christianity and education. The aftermath of this resulted in slavery, apartheid and many other violations. The reluctance to criticise other cultures in this case arises from the fear of making the same violations as in the past. Another reason why there is the reluctance to criticise other cultures is that people feel the need to be tolerant of other cultures. Truth be tol d, tolerance is indeed essential for the sake of living in this multicultural world of ours peacefully. However, one should not feel obligated to tolerate particular cultural beliefs, especially if it involves some form of human rights violation. However, relativists can argue that tolerating these different cultural practises has led to the acceptance of some of these various practices especially in the western world, for example, the Muslim veil. The contradiction here comes about when these same Muslim women are undergoing various human rights violations as a result of their cultural beliefs, for example, female genital mutilation. In this particular case, is it possible for relativists to defend human rights as well as justify cultural relativism? This surely indicates some contradiction in the cultural relativism theory, for one cannot support cultural relativism and defend human rights at the same time. It is true that people from different cultures have different ideas of what is right and what is wrong. Warburton describes moral relativism as values held by a particular society at a particular time.However, moral relativism, just like cultural relativism can also be perceived in different ways by different cultures. In other words, relativists see that moral values are valid only within some cultural boundaries. Some examples illustrated by anthropologists as morally acceptable in some cultures and condemned by others are polygamy, genocide and sexism. Consequently, the moral difference in these cultures brings about the issue of ethics. Ethical relativism also promotes the belief that morality is, and cannot be universal. Moral relativism is therefore justified by relativist through various examples. For instance, practices regarding clothing and decency. This can be justified by one culture in that it is their moral obligation and duty to have women dress in a decent manner so a s not to compromise their ethics. Some cultures would therefore agree with these practises under the moral principle that it is the duty of society to protect the women of their society. With that beings said, I do not believe that there is any logical connection between cultural relativism and tolerance as is illustrated in the relativism point of view. Furthermore, I disagree with moral relativism because despite some moral beliefs being culturally relative, there are other beliefs that are not relative. Practices such sexism and dressing depend on the local customs and traditions. However, violations such as torture, slavery and genocides, should definitely have universal moral standards. Therefore not all practices should be deemed as being relative just because some practises are deemed as being so. The Asian Values Argument Today, there has been a tremendous improvement over the years towards the universal system of human rights. There is now the increased need for accountability and responsibility for individuals and society. However, this is not the case in Asian societies. The Asian society claims to come from a culture with an exceptional set of values. This was done while they criticised western ideas and culture. According to Asian values, human rights are culturally specific, communities take precedence over individuals, social and economic rights take precedence over political and civil rights, and rights are a matter of national sovereignty.This concept has therefore been celebrated by relativists, and used as an example to support the relativist theory of cultural relativism. The issue of Asian values was brought about during discussions by East and South Eastern government leaders. The Journal of Democracy explains that the basis of Asian values is said to contribute to high growth rates to certain cultural traits. These characteristics include hard work, frugality, discipline and team work. Western democracy hinders rapid development.With that being said, it was easier for relativists to justify their rejection towards universalism because there was an increase in economic growth in the Asian region that accompanied this debate. In the 1970s, some countries in the Sub Saharan region had tried to oppose these liberal views of the Western world. This proved to be unsuccessful as they did not harbour the same economic results as their Asian counterparts. In addition to this, as a result of the tremendous economic growth in the Asian region, the Asian values debate received the attention and even admiration of the international community. Asian authoritaria ns argue from a position of economic and social success. This has therefore presented a challenge towards the universal theory of human rights because developmentalists have used the concept of Asian values to justify cultural relativism, and have even presented evidence that has shown tremendous success in some Asian states. In spite of this, the Asian values argument has still proven to promote various human rights violations. An example of these human rights violations is the situation of the Harijans, or the people outside the Indian caste system, who had the lowest social status? The Harijans, are also referred to as the untouchables of the Caste System. In more economically advanced Asian states, the use of soft authoritarianism is said to be sufficient. Additionally another way in which cultural relativism in conjunction with the Asian values argument poses a threat toward universalism is the issue of technology. As we embrace the growth of information technology, we see that this improves globalisation as communication and other forms of interaction are enhanced. However, in states such as Malaysia and Singapore, there has been an establishment of authoritarian interferences by the government, where services such as the internet are being monitored or even blocked. This poses a potential risk and hindrance towards globalisation. In spite of the Asian values seemingly strong argument, the Asian regions success seems to have been short-lived as the decline in economic growth has somewhat changed the way in which the international community views their Asian values argument. With that said, if we really take all this into consideration, it is possible to see that it is ridiculous to create standards of morality based on these societies as every society perceives morality according to their own interests and interpretations. It is also quite impossible to permit these major differences in the interpretation of human rights standards, if they are to protect individuals. The Asian Values argument is therefore highly irrelevant, as we can see, because the Asian society places its citizens lives at risk as it violates various human rights in the name of Asian values and attempting to justify their actions as being culturally relative. Criticism of Cultural Relativism We live in a world where cultural relativism is constantly questioned and debated. As earlier stated, relativism came about as a result of arguments on ethical issues. In support of cultural relativism, Benedictexplains that cultures are coexisting and equally valid patterns of life, which mankind has created for itself from the raw materials of existence.According to Benedict, all cultures are equally valid as they embrace different views on morality and ethics. However, Kluckhohndisagreed with Benedicts doctrine on cultural relativism saying that this excluded any kind of moral criticism, his argument being that if one accepted Benedicts theory, then they could not, complain about any kind of evil against humanity including slavery, communism, terrorism and many other forms of evil.The perception of cultural relativism is that peoples rights depend on their nationality, culture, and religion. Therefore according to relativist, the rights of people in Nigeria are different from thos e in China or anywhere in the world. Namazie gives the following examples to demonstrate the absurdity of these cultural relativist claims; [1] An 18-year-old woman was burnt to death by her father after having refused to marry the man he had chosen, in Germany. The courts gave her father a reduced sentence, saying he was practicing his culture and religion. [2] In Iran, women and girls are forcibly veiled under the threat of imprisonment and lashes, and cultural relativists say that it is their religion and must be respected. [3] In Holland, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that Irans prisons are satisfactory for third world standards, allowing the forcible return of asylum seekers. With each of these examples, among all other forms of evil against humanity, we can clearly see that cultural relativism promotes these crimes. Namazie goes on to argue that the basis of the cultural relativist debate opposes the imposition of western views onto non-westerners. How, then, is it that when it comes to using the telephone, or the car, the mullah does not say it is western and incompatible with Muslim society?It is therefore safe to say that these countries are using the claim to cultural relativism as an excuse to get away with various human rights violations. Relativists using the imposition of western culture as an excuse does not hold water as these same countries still use western ideas in different aspects of their lives. Furthermore, these countries are, in fact, quite westernised societies. The fact that these are former colonies of the British and French empires, who now speak western languages, is proof of their westernisation. In addition to this, Namazie goes on to say that in respect to cultural relativists, there should be a clear distinction between human beings and human beliefs and cultures. She adds that human beings are the element of importance in the universalism-relativism argument and not their beliefs. She adds that human beings are sacred and worthy of the highest respect and it is human beings that are meant to be equal and not their beliefs.The reason as to why cultural relativism is deemed as racist and discriminatory is because, while the universal human rights doctrine aims to protect human beings as being the most sacred creature, relativists are seen as merely choosing to forgo the human being and are only worried about protecting their culture, which in most cases harms the human beings in their societies. Cultural relativism also promotes minoritism, as different cultures embrace the classification of people in their societies. For example, the Caste system of Hinduism which rejects equal treatment of different caste members in Hindu society. As stated earlier, these individuals are denied various rights such as education, healthcare and jobs. Cultural relativism, in turn, denies the victims of these situations any access to universal standards. Furthermore, since cultural relativism supports groups of cultures, it logical to say that individual rights in these cultures are disregarded. This means that individuals have no say in anything as society speaks for them and decides what is right or wrong for the individual. Moreover, Universalists believe that cultural relativism has caused more harm than good towards cultures. An example of this is the war in between Israel and Palestine. The Israeli culture claims that they are fighting to get their holy land, Jerusalem, back. However, th is war has killed thousands of Muslims in the name of doing what is culturally right in accordance with the relativist theory. In the past, anthropologists were not afraid to show their discontentment about various unjust practises such as Apartheid against South Africans and the acts of genocide performed by the Nazi. Today, however, they have not spoken against similar practises that endanger human life such as female circumcision and even genocide in Rwanda and Sudan. How, then is it possible for one to rely on a theory that contradicts itself in this manner? If we therefore reflect on these relativist theories, cultural relativism just seems very unrealistic and impractical. Conclusion All in all, although we learn about the virtue of tolerance from the cultural relativism theory, it is safe to say that the reason why we believe it is so important to be tolerant of other cultures is because we are also want to experience our own freedom, thus we do not want other cultures to criticize our own. Nobody wants to have their freedom restricted, and therefore if we want to enjoy the freedom to enjoy our beliefs we would not dare to limit the freedom of the beliefs of cultures we do not agree with. Furthermore, we can clearly see how overall, the cultural relativism theory seems to make sense. However, under careful scrutiny, it does not make for sound argument. It is obvious to see, just as Rachels argues, that the mere fact that there is no real truth when it comes to morality due to the difference in cultural beliefs, proves to show that the cultural relativism argument attempts to extract the definition of morality from the simple basis that people do not agree with it in the first place. While different countries have the right to demand their rights in various ways, there are fundamental doctrines that should be made universal. Dress, Language, food and other minor beliefs and traditions can vary, and cultures should be allowed the freedom to practice them. However practices such as slavery, sexism, female genital mutilation, and infanticide, among other human rights violations must be held up to universal standards. Cultural relativism is therefore not an answer to human rights concerns, nor will it be in the future.

A considerate of contemporary management function Essay

A considerate of contemporary management function of the employer-employee relationship The six journal articles that have been looked at stem from the original Locke, (1982) article. Frederick W. Taylor popularised of scientific management. The essay will discuss 5 aspects of Taylor’s ideas about scientific management and show how understandings of contemporary management functions and the employer-employee relationship have been developed from Taylor’s ideas. What was Taylor’s idea about the management? Management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively. The ideas about the relationship between employer and employee have been developed from a nother. Retain critical employees is important and necessary. According to the Fitz-enz(1997), the company average losses 1 million with every 10 people who is the managerial and professional employees. In addition, the total cost of least a former employee at least a year of wages and benefits, up to two years of unpaid salary and benefits. This is a huge economic loss with a company loses a number of critical employees. As a manager, we must give employees adequate physiological, safety, love, esteem. One of the advice is managers should look into a way to motivate employees to achieve a satisfactory and unmet needs through activities and exercises. Managers have a responsibility to create a suitable environment to inspire employees to their fullest potential. If no such right environment, will lead to a big difference such as lower job satisfaction, lower productivity, lower profit with a company. How to effectively improve the relationship between managers and employees? Taylor given 4 methods. (a) Scientific management: In Principles of Scientific Management (1911)Fredrick Winslow Taylor, the â€Å"Father† of scientific management utilises scientific methods to define th e â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done (b) Scientific selections. Taylor advocated selecting only â€Å"first class†(i.e., high aptitude) men for a given job because their productivity would be several times greater than that of the average man. (c) Money bonus. Taylor claimed that the money is what employees want most, he thinks employees should be paid from 30% to 100% higher wages for to do his job. (d) Management responsibility for training. Taylor thought that most contemporary managers should fully accept the notion that training new employees is their responsibility. My understanding about the  employer-employee relationship has also been shaped by these articles. I have learnt that (1) Scientific management can focus speed of production, low cost production and availability of an unskilled workforce. In addition, today’s use of scientific management can use time and motion studies to increase productivity, hire the best qualified employees and design incentive systems based on output. Equity theory is a theory of social comp arison effect on employees. This theory appears to be very common, but it is very important. Equity theory refers to the rate of employees with their work output and input compared with others. Time input includes the time of the work, work habits, work experience, work attitude, and so on. When they found unfair, they usually can’t change the rate of others, can’t change their input, so employees will find ways to change their output. This may mean that they will reduce their work time or effort to work. Then, the manager can use the equity theory to motivate employees. Managers can use a more open system of remuneration paid for employees to understand each position and every effort should position relative to how much salary can be get. (2) Scientific selections: Everybody have their own good aspects, based on each person strengths and rational allocation of work. As a result, not only can bring effectively produce but also can make person enjoy their work. According to the Wren (1979) notes that Taylor focuses on scientific selection can promote the develop ment of industrial psychology and personnel management and other areas. (3) Money bonus: How to influence people? The most common method is money bonus. Such as up wages, bonuses, benefits. These things are the most effective way to influence the work of passion and power of a work. Through the Vroom’s (1946) expectancy theory, we can find that an employee will play his better efforts when he is convinced that his efforts would be better evaluated. And these evaluations will bring him more rewards such as bonuses, salary increases. These rewards will meet staff personal goals. Individual employee attitudes and enthusiasm in their work will determine to a large extent a company’s performance. According to the Porter (1968) and Lawler’s expectancy model of motivation, this model proposes two factors that determine spending on a number of tasks energy. The first is the personal rewards from work to get. These returns will be the psychological perception of employees is their own work to be sure. The second is that these returns will be formed job satisfaction. (4) Management  responsibility for training: The staff training is an essential element of human resource management. Managers can’t ignore their training responsibilities. Understanding management system in staff training in this area can help you build an effective training system to help you prepare new employees for their work To sum up, from the six articles considered, scientific management can not only getting the most output from the least amount of inputs but also focus on those work activities that will help the company reach its goals. Taylor’s idea has shaped modern employer-employee relationships. Work is still specialised, personal are still trained. The quality of work is still rewarded in bonuses, as well as other. Reference: 1.Three chapters in The Ideas of Frederick W Taylor: An Evaluation’. 2.Wren, D. A. The evolution of management thought (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley, 1979. 3.Towards a unified model of employee motivation / Darren J. Elding, Andrew M. Tobias and David S. Walk [Chichester, West Sussex, England] : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2006 4.Kotter, John P. What effective general managers really do / John P. Kotter Boston [etc.] : Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1982 5.Managing in the new millennium : understanding the manager’s motivational tool bag / Patricia M. Buhl Burlington, Iowa, etc., National Research Bureau, etc.], 2003 6.A review of employee motivation theories and their implications for employee retention within organiz Hollywood, FL : Journal of American Academy of Business, 2004